Defining Abnormality: Ways of Defining Abnormality

The context or circumstances surrounding behaviour influence whether it is viewed as abnormal. There are several perspectives for labelling behaviour as abnormal, which include:

a. Cultural Relativism

Cultural relativism posits that what is considered abnormal varies between cultures. Behaviour deemed normal in one culture may be seen as abnormal in another. For example, talking to spirits might be considered normal in some cultures but viewed as a sign of mental illness in others. This perspective emphasises the importance of understanding cultural norms and values when assessing behaviour.

b. Gender Relativism

Gender relativism acknowledges that societal norms and expectations about gender influence perceptions of abnormal behaviour. What is considered appropriate behaviour for men might be deemed inappropriate for women, and vice versa. For example, expressing emotions openly may be seen as more acceptable for women but less so for men in certain cultures. This perspective highlights the role of gender norms in defining abnormality.

c. Unusualness

This perspective defines abnormality based on statistical rarity. Behaviour that is significantly different from what is typical or average within a population is considered abnormal. For instance, having an exceptionally high IQ or experiencing hallucinations are both examples of unusual behaviours. However, not all unusual behaviours are considered negative or problematic.

d. Discomfort

Discomfort refers to behaviour that causes distress or discomfort to the individual or others. If someone's actions lead to significant emotional pain or disrupt daily functioning, these behaviours may be deemed abnormal. For example, severe anxiety or persistent depressive symptoms can cause significant distress and impairment, leading to a diagnosis of a mental health disorder.

e. Mental Illness

The perspective of mental illness involves diagnosing abnormal behaviour based on clinical criteria outlined in diagnostic manuals such as the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) or ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases). Mental illness refers to patterns of behaviour or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life and create distress for the person experiencing these symptoms. Examples include schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder.

f. Maladaptiveness

Maladaptiveness assesses whether behaviour interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in daily life. Behaviours that hinder personal growth, productivity, or social relationships are considered maladaptive. For example, substance abuse, self-harm, and extreme avoidance behaviours can be maladaptive as they prevent individuals from leading fulfilling and productive lives.

These different perspectives provide a comprehensive understanding of abnormality and highlight the importance of context in defining and assessing behaviour. Understanding these perspectives helps mental health professionals, researchers, and individuals navigate the complexities of abnormal behaviour