DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA, VIRUS, WORMS AND PARASITES

 

The diseases which are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites are called Infectious diseases and can spread between individuals. 

Microorganisms that cause disease are collectively called pathogens. Pathogens cause disease either by disrupting the bodies normal processes and/or stimulating the immune system to produce a defensive response, resulting in high fever, inflammation and other symptoms.

Infectious diseases can be spread from one person to another, for example through contact with bodily fluids, by aerosols (through coughing and sneezing), or via a vector, for example a mosquito.

Infectious diseases are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Many diseases become difficult to control if the infectious agents evolve resistance to commonly used drugs:

For example, bacteria can accumulate mutations in their DNA or acquire new genes that allow them to survive contact with antibiotic drugs that would normally kill them.

Scientists are currently searching for new approaches to treat infectious diseases, focusing on exactly how pathogens change and drug resistance evolves. What causes an infectious disease?

 

Viruses

Viruses are tiny infectious agents that replicate only in the living cells of other organisms. They have a very simple structure consisting of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA within a protein capsule. They can infect all types of life forms, from animals to plants and bacteria to amoebae.

Viruses can be spread in many ways including:

·         From plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap. For example, Potato virus Y which is spread by aphids.

·         From animal to animal by blood-sucking insects. For example, Dengue virus which is spread by mosquitos.

·         Spread by aerosols (through coughing and sneezing). For example, influenza virus, COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019).

·         Spread by not washing hands after going to the toilet. For example, norovirus or rotavirus.

·         Spread by sexual contact. For example, HIV and Human Papillomavirus (HPV).

·         Spread by exposure to infected blood. For example, Hepatitis B, HIV.

·         Spread by exposure to fluid, such as seat, saliva, etc. from infected body (Human or other animals). For example, Ebola Virus, Corona Virus.

·         Viruses can often be prevented through vaccines to boost the body’s immune system.

 Bacteria

Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms. They come in many shapes including ball-, rod- and spiral-shaped. Most bacteria are not harmful and some are actually beneficial. Less than one per cent of bacteria will actually make you ill.

Infectious bacteria can grow, divide and spread in the body, leading to infectious disease. Some infectious bacteria give off toxins which can make some diseases more severe.

Bacteria are spread in many ways including:

·         Spread by aerosols (through coughing and sneezing). For example, Streptococcus.

·         Spread by surface and skin contact. For example, Staphylococcus aureus, including MRSA.

·         Spread through body fluids, such as blood and saliva. For example, meningococcal disease (meningitis).

·         Spread by aerosols (through coughing and sneezing). For example, cough, Tuberculosis (TB).

·         Spread by not washing hands after going to the toilet. For example, cholera, dysentery.

Antibiotics are usually given to treat severe bacterial infections.

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a significant problem.

Streptococcus bacteria. Image credit: Shutterstock

 Fungi

Fungi are microorganisms characterised by cell walls made from a substance called chitin. Most fungi are harmless to humans and some are edible. Other fungi can be infectious and may lead to life-threatening diseases.

Fungi reproduce by releasing spores that can be picked up by direct contact or even inhaled. Fungal infections often affect the lungs, skin or nails. Some infections may also penetrate the body to affect organs and cause whole-body infections.

Examples of fungal infections include:

·         Athlete’s foot: itching, scaling or cracking of the skin

·         Ringworm: reddish, itchy, scaly rash usually on the skin and scalp

·         Thrush: caused by the fungus Candida albicans which can infect the mouth, vagina, stomach and urinary tract.

 Parasites

Parasites are organisms that live in or on another organism and benefit by getting nutrients at the expense of their host.

Parasites can be found in many different body sites, for example in the blood, liver, digestive system, brain and even the eyes. There are several groups of parasites that infect humans:

·         Elephantiasis lymphatic filariasis: This is transmitted through mosquito bites. The adult worms live in the lymph system. Infection can lead to lymphoedema and elephantiasis, in which swelling can cause disfigurement and disability. In the Americas, it is passed on by the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito.

·         Protozoa:  these are single-celled parasites. Many are delivered by biting insects or are ingested with contaminated water or food.  They invade or eat host cells, or swim around the bloodstream and quickly reproduce by copying themselves. Examples: Giardia (ingested), Plasmodium falciparum (causes malaria and is transmitted by mosquitos), Trichomonas (sexually transmitted)

Worms

Worms, or helminth organisms, can affect humans and animals.

·         Tapeworms: these are flatworms whose heads hook on to the intestinal wall of their host. Their larvae migrate to other parts of the body. They can live in the host for decades. Example: Pork tapeworm.

·         Screwworm: This is transmitted by a fly, and it affects skin and wounds. It is found in Central America and North Africa.

·         Beef and pork tapeworms: Taeniasis is caused by tapeworms of the taenia family. They affect the intestines. They are passed on by eating undercooked beef or pork.

Different types of tapeworms can affect the intestines, the liver, or the lungs.

·         Toxocariasis: A roundworm transmits this infection from animals to humans. It affects the eyes, brain, and liver. It is caused by accidentally swallowing the eggs of the parasite, for example, when young children play with soil. Nearly 14 percent of people in the U.S. have antibodies, suggesting that millions have been exposed. Most never have symptoms.

·         Trichinosis: This is caused by the roundworm of the Trichinella family. Infection can lead to intestinal symptoms, fever, and muscle aches. It is passed on by eating the undercooked meat.

·         Whipworm: Also known as trichuriasis, whipworms live in the large intestine. Eggs are passed in faeces. It is common all over the world. Humans can become infected when ingesting eggs, for example on unwashed fruit or vegetables.

·         Anisakiasis: This is caused by worms that can invade the intestines or the stomach wall. The worms are passed on through contaminated fresh or undercooked fish and squid.

·         Roundworms: Ascariasis, or a roundworm infection, these are nematode worms that can get into humans by ingestion, directly penetrating the skin or through insect bites. Examples: whipworm (ingested), hookworms (directly penetrate the skin), and Wuchereria bancrofti (transmitted by mosquitos). a roundworm infection does not usually cause symptoms, but the worm may be visible in faeces. It enters the body through consuming contaminated food or drink.

Roundworms can be passed on by raccoons.

·         Hookworm: These can cause intestinal disease. They lay their eggs in the soil and the larvae can penetrate the skin of humans. Early symptoms include itching and a rash. They are most common in damp places with poor sanitation.

Hookworms can cause intestinal disease

·         Flukes: blood flukes are flatworms that are caught through contact with contaminated water. Blood fluke larvae are released from infected snails into freshwater.  Liver flukes can be found in raw or undercooked fish or water plants and can live in the body of the host for decades. Example: Schistosomes (blood flukes).

Male and female schistosomes. The female can be seen lying within a groove on the surface of the male (stained pink). Image credit: Shutterstock

 Prevention of parasites-related diseases

To increase your chance of avoiding parasites:

• find out which kind are prevalent in your area or in locations you may travel
• take precautions, for example, using insect repellent in places where mosquitoes are common
• be careful to eat only well-cooked fish and meat
• when traveling, drink only water from bottles with a sealed top
• take care when bathing in fresh-water lakes or rivers