Forests can be referred to as groups of trees and other plants in a large densely wooded area. The two main categories of forests are natural forests, which grow under no human influence and artificial forest, which have been planted by humans. Both types of forests are very beneficial to humankind and to the environment in so many ways.
IMPORTANCE OF THE FORESTS
Forests highly essential for humans and animals’ survival, from the air
we breathe through the food we eat to the wood we use. Besides providing
habitats for animals and livelihoods for humans, forests also offer watershed
protection, prevent soil erosion and mitigate climate change.
Any activities performed by humans involve forests,
either directly or indirectly. Some are easy to figure out - fruits, paper and
wood from trees, and so on. Others are less obvious, such as by-products that
go into everyday items like medicines, cosmetics and detergents.
The forests provide ecosystem services that are
critical to human welfare. These include:
·
Absorbing harmful greenhouse gasses that produce
climate change. In tropical forests alone, a quarter of a trillion tons of
carbon is stored in above and below ground biomass
·
Providing clean water for drinking, bathing, and other
household needs
·
Protecting watersheds and reducing or slowing the
amount of erosion and chemicals that reach waterways
·
Providing food and medicine
·
Serving as a buffer in natural disasters like flood
and rainfalls
·
Providing habitat to more than half of the world’s
land-based species
1. Bring Rainfall: Forests are responsible for rains on the land. Due to
forests, the clouds get cooled and convert to rainwater. So one can notice
heavy rainfall in the areas of forests and around. Forests slower the monsoon
currents (winds) and let the clouds move slower over land. They also provide a
suitable low temperature for the water vapour in the clouds to convert into
water droplets and cause rain. Hence there are no rains in the deserts.
2. Prevent Soil erosion: Soil erosion is an everyday natural activity happening due to
winds and floods. Growing forests help minimise this soil erosion in the nearby
farms. The importance of soil is too much that we cannot afford to lose the
fertile top layers. This layer of soil is essential to grow crops and trees.
3. Reduce the effect of natural calamities: In case of the natural disasters like
the tsunami, floods, hurricanes, cyclonic winds. Presence of abundant forests helps us minimise the
effects of these disasters. Hence when there was tsunami disaster, the areas
with many trees at the seashore had less damage than regions without any trees.
4. Home for
animals (Ecosystem): Looking at it beyond our narrow, human – not to mention urban –
perspective, forests provide habitats to diverse animal species. They are home
to 80% of the world’s terrestrial biodiversity, and they also form the source
of livelihood for many different human settlements, including 60 million
indigenous people.
Forests are some of the safest and comfortable homes for animals and birds. Many animals, birds can dwell peacefully in forests as it is a natural home for them.
They even find sufficient food for the day
and together with their herds or groups. Forests are heaven for animals
nowadays.
5. Minimise the pollution
It reduces air, sound and even thermal
pollution. Forest have many plants and
trees. The wind on the earth moves from one place to another. Similarly,
the gas and air pollution diffuses to all over the air and get less severe.
Presence of forest nearby helps these pollutants to be absorbed from the air.
6. Economic importance: Forest has a significant economic influence.
Sometimes the economy of a region depends mostly on forests. Forests provide
many natural resources which are of excellent value for money. For example, in
the recent times, the red sandalwood from the jungles have been found to be of
immense value, and the authorities are planning to capitalise the sale of the
wood to run the government welfare schemes for the people. Similarly, in other
countries, the presence of rainforests attracts a lot of tourists.
Some of the notable examples of reserves with economic
importance are
a. Medicine:
Many plant drugs like cinchona, cinnamon, eucalyptus, etc. are grown in the forest.
Though smaller medicinal plants are grown by farming, drugs from large trees
are available from forests alone. The medicines procured by this method are
mostly, alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, etc. Besides one can also
get essential oils.
b. Wood for Furniture: Forests are the sole reserve for best woods needed
for furniture. There are many kinds of woods for different purposes like insect
repellent ones (neem), red sandal, teak, etc. can be found in forests.
c. Honey: This is a sugary liquid produced by honey bees after
consuming nectar from flowers. It is widely used in medicine, ice-creams,
sweets and other confectionery. It is mostly obtained by cultivation using
honey bees in controlled boxes. But honey from the wild forest has its taste
and strength than the farmer made one.
d. Insect Wax:
The insects which produce most wax are found in forests and the lac. When isolated
this wax is used to make cosmetics and dye.
e. Good for Picnic and leisure:
Forests are good for income generation and leisure |
Nowadays
many forests are exploited as picnic spots. Though this may be disturbing to
the native animals and people, still the governments encourage it for tourism
revenue. There are various picnic and holiday packages offered to spend time in
the midst of forests.
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION
Deforestation is the removal of large areas
of forest to provide land for farming and roads, and to provide timber
(wood) for building, furniture and fuel. Deforestation has a number of undesirable
effects on the environment.
Deforestation and forest degradation can happen quickly, such as when a forest
is clear-cut to make way for a palm oil plantation or a new settlement. It can
also happen gradually as a result of ongoing forest degradation as temperatures
rise due to climate change caused by human activity.
There are many causes of
deforestation. Almost a half of the trees illegally removed from forests are used
as fuel. Some other common reasons are:
·
To make more land available for
housing and urbanisation
·
To harvest timber to create
commercial items such as paper, furniture and homes
·
To create ingredients that are highly
prized consumer items, such as the oil from palm trees
·
To create room for cattle
ranching
Common
methods of deforestation are burning trees and clear cutting. These tactics
leave the land completely barren and are controversial practices.
In Zambia, deforestation is considered one of the
priority environmental problems and woodland conversion to agriculture and wood
harvesting for charcoal production seem to be the main causes of forest loss.
It is important to underscore that during the first
half of the 20th century, traditional crop production in Zambia was dominated
by shifting cultivation, the "citemene" system, which
symbolised the effective use of tropical soil by the African indigenous
peoples. For many years, the farmers of Zambia logged trees, burned the
branches, and used ash as a fertiliser for the soil. Due to the nature of the
soil, this method worked well and land could be used for 5 years before being
left to rest.
However, there are a number of underlying causes
related to the government’s economic liberalisation policies that have not been
adequately investigated, forces that influence forest conversion to agriculture
and clearance for charcoal production. These include:
•
Higher price of electricity: The privatisation of electricity generation imposed
on many countries by the IMF and the World Bank- increased electricity prices
and affected the electrification policy, pushing local people to the use of
charcoal as energy.
•
Charcoal burning: The introduction of charcoal as an urban cooking energy source in
Lusaka city created a new incentive among rural communities in central Zambia
to clear woodlands to supply charcoal to the urban market.
•
Removal of agricultural subsidies: Incomes from charcoal production were used to buy
household requirements and in some cases these were invested in agricultural
production after the removal of subsidies: a forest product had become a source
of subsidy for agricultural production. Under traditional agricultural system
trees were cut and burnt but with the commodification of charcoal, cut trees
were converted to charcoal for sale and the land cultivated
to produce both food and cash crops.
•
Timber sales: Besides agriculture and charcoal production which are
destroying the forest, uncontrolled or poorly controlled commercial
exploitation of timber is a major cause of deforestation in Zambia's Western,
Eastern and Southern provinces. Few of the profits reaped from this activity, supported
by the government, benefit the local communities, given that there are no
timber industries worth talking about in those areas. All the money realised
from timber sales goes abroad or ends in Lusaka.
In general deforestation is as result of the human economic activities
and some natural causes which include the following:
•
Conversion of forests for other land uses, including pulp, palm, and soy plantations,
pastures, settlements, roads and infrastructure.
•
Forest
fires: Each year, fires burn
millions of hectares of forest worldwide. Fires are a part of nature but
degraded forests are particularly vulnerable. These include heavily logged
rainforests, forests on peat soils, or where forest fires have been suppressed
for years allowing unnatural accumulation of vegetation that makes the fire
burn more intensely. The resulting loss has wide-reaching consequences on
biodiversity, climate, and the economy.
•
Illegal and unsustainable logging: Illegal logging occurs in all types of forests across
all continents destroying nature and wildlife, taking away community
livelihoods and distorting trade. Illegally harvested wood finds its way into
major consumption markets outside the developing countries, which further fuels
the cycle.
•
Fuelwood
harvesting: Over-harvesting for
domestic use or for commercial trade in charcoal significantly damages forests.
•
Mining: The impact of mining on tropical forests is growing
due to rising demand and high mineral prices. Mining projects are often accompanied
by major infrastructure construction, such as roads, railway lines and power
stations, putting further pressure on forests and freshwater ecosystems.
•
Climate
change: Forest loss is both a
cause and an effect of our changing climate. Climate change can damage forests,
for instance by drying out tropical rainforests and increasing fire damage
in boreal forests. Inside forests, climate change is already harming
biodiversity, a threat that is likely to increase.
THE EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION
Deforestation,
as defined earlier, is the permanent destruction of forests in order to make
the land available for other uses.
The removal of forests results
into a number of undesirable effects which include the following:
·
Reduction of
habitats or food sources for animals, which can result in their extinction. Animal
and plant diversity is reduced, and food chains are disrupted.
·
Loss of plant species and their genes which may be important for medical use
or genetic engineering in the future.
·
Removal of
trees means there are no roots to hold soil, which can result in soil
erosion and leaching of minerals. Desertification can eventually occur.
·
Lack of roots
and soil, flooding and mudslides. Lakes can become silted up.
·
Leaching of
nutrients into lakes and rivers leads to eutrophication.
·
Less CO2
is absorbed from the atmosphere, more CO2 build up and increase the greenhouse
effect.
·
Less O2
is produced and atmospheric O2 level can drop.
·
Less
transpiration and reduced rainfall.
1.
Climate
Imbalance: Deforestation also
affects the climate in more than one ways. Trees release water vapour in the
air, which is compromised on with the lack of trees. Trees also provide the
required shade that keeps the soil moist. This leads to the imbalance in the
atmospheric temperature further making conditions for the ecology
difficult. Flora and fauna
across the world are accustomed to their habitat. This haphazard clearance of
forests have forced several of these animals to shift from their native
environment. Due to this several species are finding it difficult to survive or
adapt to new habitats.
2.
Increase
in Global Warming: Trees play a
major role in controlling global warming. The trees utilise the greenhouse
gases, restoring the balance in the atmosphere. With constant deforestation the
ratio of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased, adding to our global
warming woes.
3.
Soil
Erosion: Tree roots anchor the
soil. Without trees, the soil is free to wash or blow away, which can lead to
vegetation growth problems. Also due to the shade of trees the soil remains
moist. With the clearance of tree cover, the soil is directly exposed to the
sun, making it dry. After a clear cutting, cash crops like coffee, soy and palm
oil are planted. Planting these types of trees can cause further soil erosion
because their roots cannot hold onto the soil.
4.
Floods:
When it rains, trees absorb and
store large amount of water with the help of their roots. When they are cut
down, the flow of water is disrupted and leads to floods in some areas and
droughts in other.
5.
Wildlife
Extinction: Seventy percent of
the world’s plants and animals live in forests and are losing their habitats to
deforestation. Due to massive felling down of trees, various species of animals
are lost. They lose their habitat and forced to move to new location. Some of
them are even pushed to extinction. It also has negative consequences for
medicinal research and local populations who rely on the animals and plants in
the forests for hunting and medicine. Our world has lost so many species
of plants and animals in last couple of decades.
6. Water cycle: Trees
are important to the water cycle. They absorb rain fall and produce water
vapour that is released into the atmosphere. Trees also lessen the pollution in
water, by stopping polluted runoff.
7. Life quality: Soil
erosion can also lead to silt entering the lakes, streams and other water
sources. This can decrease local water quality and contribute to poor health in
populations in the area.
Forests are complex
ecosystems that affect almost every species on the planet. When they are
degraded, this can set off a devastating chain of events both locally and
around the world. It is therefore more important that they are well
safeguarded, and this made responsibility of each and everybody, everywhere.
MEASURES TO CONTROL DEFORESTATION
It
has been a common belief that to counter deforestation, people simply need to
plant more trees. Though a massive replanting effort would help to alleviate
the problems deforestation caused, it would not solve them all. Reforestation
would facilitate:
·
Restoring the ecosystem services
provided by forests including carbon storage, water cycling and wildlife
habitat
·
Reducing the build-up of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere
·
Rebuilding wildlife habitats
In addition to
reforestation, some other tactics are being taken to counteract or slow
deforestation. Some of them include shifting the human population to a
plant-based diet. This would lower the need for land to be cleared for raising
livestock.
Global Forest Watch has also
initiated a project to counteract deforestation through awareness. The organisation
uses satellite technology, open data and crowdsourcing to detect and alert
others of deforestation. Their online community is also encouraged to share
their personal experiences and the negative effects of deforestation.
·
The best solution to deforestation is to curb the
felling of trees, by employing a series of rules and laws to govern it.
Deforestation in the current scenario may have reduced however it would be too
early to assume. The money-churner that forest resources can be, is tempting
enough for deforestation to continue.
·
Clear cutting of forests must be banned. This will
curb total depletion of the forest cover. It is a practical solution and is
very feasible.
·
Land skinned of its tree cover for urban settlements
should be urged to plant trees in the vicinity and replace the cut trees. Also
the cutting must be replaced by planting young trees to replace the older ones
that were cut. Trees are being planted under several initiatives every year,
but they still don’t match the numbers of the ones we’ve already lost.
In Zambia, policies such as reducing emissions from deforestation and
forest degradation (REDD+). To make this possible, some measures were taken,
which include the following:
·
Government has trained communities in alternative
livelihood income-generating activities like the bee-keeping programme and
other initiatives such as crafts, basket making and fruit propagation, aimed at
reducing dependence on charcoal producing will be implemented by the Ministry
of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection.
·
Government has been conducting sensitisation
activities on the importance of forestry and increase patrols as measures to
protect reserves in different parts of the country.
·
Government has intensified patrols on all major entry
points within the reserve areas to curb the illegal trade in forestry products
such as harvesting of logs, such as those of Mukula trees.
·
In addition to that, the Government of Zambia,
included in the 2015 budget the funds to renovate dilapidated forestry offices
in various districts around the country.
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